HP 49g Bruksanvisning (175 Sidor)

hp 49g+ graphing calculator

user’s manual

H

Edition 2

HP part number F2228-90001

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Printing History

Edition 2 December 2003

Preface

You have in your hands a compact symbolic and numerical computer that will

facilitate calculation and mathematical analysis of problems in a variety of

disciplines, from elementary mathematics to advanced engineering and

science subjects.

This manual contains examples that illustrate the use of the basic calculator

functions and operations. The chapters in this user’s manual are organized

by subject in order of difficulty: from the setting of calculator modes, to real

and complex number calculations, operations with lists, vectors, and matrices,

graphics, calculus applications, vector analysis, differential equations,

probability and statistics.

For symbolic operations the calculator includes a powerful Computer

Algebraic System (CAS), which lets you select different modes of operation,

e.g., complex numbers vs. real numbers, or exact (symbolic) vs. approximate

(numerical) mode. The display can be adjusted to provide textbook-type

expressions, which can be useful when working with matrices, vectors,

fractions, summations, derivatives, and integrals. The high-speed graphics of

the calculator are very convenient for producing complex figures in very little

time.

Thanks to the infrared port and the USB cable available with your calculator,

you can connect your calculator with other calculators or computers. The

high-speed connection through infrared or USB allows the fast and efficient

exchange of programs and data with other calculators or computers. The

calculator provides a flash memory card port to facilitate storage and

exchange of data with other users.

We hope your calculator will become a faithful companion for your school

and professional applications.

Page TOC-1

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 – Getting Started, 1-1

Basic Operations, 1-1

Batteries, 1-1

Turning the calculator on and off, 1-2

Adjusting the display contrast, 1-2

Contents of the calculator’s display, 1-2

Menus, 1-3

The TOOL menu, 1-3

Setting time and date, 1-4

Introducing the calculator’s keyboard, 1-4

Selecting calculator modes, 1-6

Operating mode, 1-7

Number Format and decimal dot or comma, 1-10

Standard format, 1-11

Fixed format with decimals, 1-11

Scientific format, 1-12

Engineering format, 1-13

Decimal comma vs. decimal point, 1-14

Angle Measure, 1-14

Coordinate System, 1-15

Selecting CAS settings, 1-16

Explanation of CAS settings, 1-17

Selecting Display modes,1-17

Selecting the display font, 1-18

Selecting properties of the line editor, 1-19

Selecting properties of the Stack, 1-20

Selecting properties of the equation writer (EQW), 1-21

References, 1-21

Chapter 2 – Introducing the calculator, 2-1

Calculator objects, 2-1

Editing expressions in the stack, 2-1

Creating arithmetic expressions, 2-1

Page TOC-7

Chapter 14 – Differential Equations, 14-1

The CALC/DIFF menu, 14-1

Solution to linear and non-linear equations, 14-1

Function LDEC, 14-2

Function DESOLVE, 14-3

The variable ODETYPE, 14-4

Laplace Transforms, 14-5

Laplace transform and inverses in the calculator, 14-5

Fourier series, 14-6

Function FOURIER, 14-6

Fourier series for a quadratic function, 14-6

Reference, 14-8

Chapter 15 – Probability Distributions, 15-1

The MTH/PROBABILITY.. sub-menu – part 1, 15-1

Factorials, combinations, and permutations, 15-1

Random numbers, 15-2

The MTH/PROB menu – part 2, 15-3

The Normal distribution, 15-3

The Student-t distribution, 15-3

The Chi-square distribution, 15-4

The F distribution, 15-4

Reference, 15-4

Chapter 16 – Statistical Applications, 16-1

Entering data, 16-1

Calculating single-variable statistics, 16-1

Obtaining frequency distributions, 16-3

Fitting data to a function y = f(x), 16-4

Obtaining additional summary statistics, 16-6

Confidence intervals, 16-7

Hypothesis testing, 16-9

Reference, 16-11

Page TOC-8

Chapter 17 – Numbers in Different Bases, 17-1

The BASE menu, 17-1

Writing non-decimal numbers, 17-1

Reference, 17-2

Chapter 18 – Using SD cards, 18-1

Storing objects in the SD card, 18-1

Recalling an object from the SD card, 18-2

Purging an object from the SD card, 18-2

Limited Warranty – W-1

Service, W-2

Regulatory information, W-4

Page 1-1

Chapter 1

Getting started

This chapter is aimed at providing basic information in the operation of your

calculator. The exercises are aimed at familiarizing yourself with the basic

operations and settings before actually performing a calculation.

Basic Operations

The following exercises are aimed at getting you acquainted with the

hardware of your calculator.

Batteries

The calculator uses 3 AAA (LR03) batteries as main power and a CR2032

lithium battery for memory backup.

Before using the calculator, please install the batteries according to the

following procedure.

To install the main batteries

a. Make sure the calculator is OFF. Slide up the battery compartment cover

as illustrated.

b. Insert 3 new AAA (LR03) batteries into the main compartment. Make sure

each battery is inserted in the indicated direction.

To install the backup battery

a. Make sure the calculator is OFF. Press down the holder. Push the plate to

the shown direction and lift it.

Page 1-2

b. Insert a new CR2032 lithium battery. Make sure its positive (+) side is

facing up.

c. Replace the plate and push it to the original place.

After installing the batteries, press [ON] to turn the power on.

Warning: When the low battery icon is displayed, you need to replace the

batteries as soon as possible. However, avoid removing the backup battery

and main batteries at the same time to avoid data lost.

Turning the calculator on and off

The $ key is located at the lower left corner of the keyboard. Press it once

to turn your calculator on. To turn the calculator off, press the red right-shift

key @ (first key in the second row from the bottom of the keyboard),

followed by the key. Notice that the $ $ key has a red OFF label

printed in the upper right corner as a reminder of the OFF command.

Adjusting the display contrast

You can adjust the display contrast by holding the $ key while pressing the

+ - or keys.

The (hold) $ + key combination produces a darker display

The (hold) $ - key combination produces a lighter display

Contents of the calculator’s display

Turn your calculator on once more. At the top of the display you will have

two lines of information that describe the settings of the calculator. The first

line shows the characters:

RAD XYZ HEX R= 'X'

Page 1-3

For details on the meaning of these specifications see Chapter 2 in the

calculator’s user’s guide.

The second line shows the characters

{ HOME }

indicating that the HOME directory is the current file directory in the

calculator’s memory.

At the bottom of the display you will find a number of labels, namely,

@EDIT @VIEW @@ RCL @@ @@STO@ ! PURGE !CLEAR

associated with the six , F1 through F6: soft menu keys

ABCDEF

The six labels displayed in the lower part of the screen will change depending

on which menu is displayed. But will always be associated with the first A

displayed label, B with the second displayed label, and so on.

Menus

The six labels associated with the keys A through F form part of a menu

of functions. Since the calculator has only six soft menu keys, it only display 6

labels at any point in time. However, a menu can have more than six entries.

Each group of 6 entries is called a Menu page. To move to the next menu

page (if available), press the L (NeXT menu) key. This key is the third key

from the left in the third row of keys in the keyboard.

The TOOL menu

The soft menu keys for the default menu, known as the TOOL menu, are

associated with operations related to manipulation of variables (see section

on variables in this Chapter):

@EDIT A EDIT the contents of a variable (see Chapter 2 in this guide

Page 1-4

and Chapter 2 and Appendix L in the user’s guide for more

information on editing)

@VIEW B VIEW the contents of a variable

@@ RCL @@ C ReCaLl the contents of a variable

@@STO@ D STOre the contents of a variable

! PURGE E PURGE a variable

CLEAR F CLEAR the display or stack

These six functions form the first page of the TOOL menu. This menu has

actually eight entries arranged in two pages. The second page is available

by pressing the L (NeXT menu) key. This key is the third key from the left

in the third row of keys in the keyboard.

In this case, only the first two soft menu keys have commands associated with

them. These commands are:

@CASCM A CASCMD: CAS CoMmanD, used to launch a command from

the CAS (Computer Algebraic System) by selecting from a list

@HELP B HELP facility describing the commands available in the

calculator

Pressing the L key will show the original TOOL menu. Another way to

recover the TOOL menu is to press the I key (third key from the left in the

second row of keys from the top of the keyboard).

Setting time and date

See Chapter 1 in the calculator’s user’s guide to learn how to set time and

date.

Introducing the calculator’s keyboard

The figure below shows a diagram of the calculator’s keyboard with the

numbering of its rows and columns. Each key has three, four, or five functions.

The main key function correspond to the most prominent label in the key.

Also, the green left-shift key, , the red right-shift key, , and key (8,1) key (9,1)

Page 1-5

the blue ALPHA key, , can be combined with some of the other keys key (7,1)

to activate the alternative functions shown in the keyboard.

For example, the , has the following six functions associated P key, key(4,4)

with it:

P Main function, to activate the SYMBolic menu

„´ Left-shift function, to activate the MTH (Math) menu

… N Right-shift function, to activate the CATalog function

Page 1-6

~p ALPHA function, to enter the upper-case letter P

~„p ALPHA-Left-Shift function, to enter the lower-case letter p

~…p ALPHA-Right-Shift function, to enter the symbol π

Of the six functions associated with a key only the first four are shown in the

keyboard itself. The figure in next page shows these four labels for the P

key. Notice that the color and the position of the labels in the key, namely,

SYMB SYMB, MTH, CAT and P, indicate which is the main function ( ), and

which of the other three functions is associated with the left-shift „(MTH),

right-shift ( (… CAT ), and ~ P) keys.

For detailed information on the calculator keyboard operation refer to

Appendix B in the calculator’s user’s guide.

Selecting calculator modes

This section assumes that you are now at least partially familiar with the use of

choose and dialog boxes (if you are not, please refer to appendix A in the

user’s guide).

Press the H button (second key from the left on the second row of keys from

the top) to show the following input form: CALCULATOR MODES

Page 1-7

Press the !!@@OK#@ ( ) F soft menu key to return to normal display. Examples of

selecting different calculator modes are shown next.

Operating Mode

The calculator offers two operating modes: the Algebraic mode, and the

Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) mode. The default mode is the Algebraic

mode (as indicated in the figure above), however, users of earlier HP

calculators may be more familiar with the RPN mode.

To select an operating mode, first open the CALCULATOR MODES input form

by pressing the H button. The Operating Mode field will be highlighted.

Select the Algebraic or RPN operating mode by either using the \ key

(second from left in the fifth row from the keyboard bottom), or pressing the

@CHOOS soft menu key ( ). If using the latter approach, use up and down B

arrow keys, — ˜, to select the mode, and press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key

to complete the operation.

To illustrate the difference between these two operating modes we will

calculate the following expression in both modes:

5.2

3

0.23

0.30.3

1

0.50.3

e+

⋅

−⋅ 











To enter this expression in the calculator we will first use the equation writer,

‚O. Please identify the following keys in the keyboard, besides the

numeric keypad keys:

!@.#*+-/R

Q¸Ü‚Oš™˜—`

The equation writer is a display mode in which you can build mathematical

expressions using explicit mathematical notation including fractions,

derivatives, integrals, roots, etc. To use the equation writer for writing the

expression shown above, use the following keystrokes:

‚OR3.*!Ü5.-

Page 1-8

1./3.*3.

—————

/23.Q3™™+!¸2.5`

After pressing `the calculator displays the expression:

√ (3.*(5.-1/(3.*3.))/23.^3+EXP(2.5))

Pressing `again will provide the following value (accept Approx mode on,

if asked, by pressing !!@@OK#@):

You could also type the expression directly into the display without using the

equation writer, as follows:

R!Ü3.*!Ü5.-

1/3.*3.™

/23.Q3+!¸2.5`

to obtain the same result.

Change the operating mode to RPN by first pressing the H button. Select

the RPN operating mode by either using the \key, or pressing the

@CHOOS soft menu key. Press the @@OK#@ (F ) soft menu key to complete the

operation. The display, for the RPN mode looks as follows:

Notice that the display shows several levels of output labeled, from bottom to

top, as 1, 2, 3, etc. This is referred to as the stack of the calculator. The

Page 1-9

different levels are referred to as the stack levels, i.e., stack level 1, stack level

2, etc.

Basically, what RPN means is that, instead of writing an operation such as 3

+ 2, in the calculator by using

3+2`

we write first the operands, in the proper order, and then the operator, i.e.,

3`2`+

As you enter the operands, they occupy different stack levels. Entering

3` 2`puts the number 3 in stack level 1. Next, entering pushes

the 3 upwards to occupy stack level 2. Finally, by pressing +, we are

telling the calculator to apply the operator, or program, + to the objects

occupying levels 1 and 2. The result, 5, is then placed in level 1.

Let's try some other simple operations before trying the more complicated

expression used earlier for the algebraic operating mode:

123/32 123`32/

42 4`2Q

3√ √( 27) 27`R3@»

Notice the position of the y and the x in the last two operations. The base in

the exponential operation is y (stack level 2) while the exponent is x (stack

level 1) before the key Q is pressed. Similarly, in the cubic root operation,

y (stack level 2) is the quantity under the root sign, and x (stack level 1) is the

root.

Try the following exercise involving 3 factors: (5 + 3) × 2

5`3`+ Calculates (5 +3) first.

2X Completes the calculation.

Let's try now the expression proposed earlier:

Page 1-10

5.2

3

23

33

1

53

e+

⋅

−⋅ 











3` Enter 3 in level 1

5` Enter 5 in level 1, 3 moves to level 2

3` Enter 3 in level 1, 5 moves to level 2, 3 to level 3

3* Place 3 and multiply, 9 appears in level 1

Y 1/(3×3), last value in lev. 1; 5 in level 2; 3 in level 3

- 5 - 1/(3×3) , occupies level 1 now; 3 in level 2

* 3× × (5 - 1/(3 3)), occupies level 1 now.

23` Enter 23 in level 1, 14.66666 moves to level 2.

3Q Enter 3, calculate 233 into level 1. 14.666 in lev. 2.

/ (3× × (5-1/(3 3)))/233

into level 1

2.5 Enter 2.5 level 1

!¸ e2.5, goes into level 1, level 2 shows previous value.

+ (3 3)))/23× (5 - 1/(3×3

+ e2.5 = 12.18369, into lev. 1.

R √ × ×((3 (5 - 1/(3 3)))/233

+ e2.5

) = 3.4905156, into 1.

To select between the ALG vs. RPN operating mode, you can also set/clear

system flag 95 through the following keystroke sequence:

H @)FLAGS —„—„—„— @@CHK@@

Number Format and decimal dot or comma

Changing the number format allows you to customize the way real numbers

are displayed by the calculator. You will find this feature extremely useful in

operations with powers of tens or to limit the number of decimals in a result.

To select a number format, first open the CALCULATOR MODES input form by

pressing the H button. Then, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select the

option Number format. The default value is Std, or Standard format. In the

standard format, the calculator will show floating-point numbers with no set

decimal placement and with the maximum precision allowed by the calculator

Page 1-11

(12 significant digits).”To learn more about reals, see Chapter 2 in this guide.

To illustrate this and other number formats try the following exercises:

• Standard format:

This mode is the most used mode as it shows numbers in the most familiar

notation. Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key, with the Number format set to

Std, to return to the calculator display. Enter the number

123.4567890123456 (with16 significant figures). Press the ` key.

The number is rounded to the maximum 12 significant figures, and is

displayed as follows:

• Fixed format with decimals:

Press the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select the

option Number format. Press the @CHOOS soft menu key ( B), and select

the option with the arrow down key Fixed ˜.

Press the right arrow key, ™, to highlight the zero in front of the option

Fix. Press the @CHOOS soft menu key and, using the up and down arrow

keys, —˜, select, say, 3 decimals.

Page 1-12

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key to complete the selection:

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key return to the calculator display. The

number now is shown as:

Notice how the number is rounded, not truncated. Thus, the number

123.4567890123456, for this setting, is displayed as 123.457, and not

as 123.456 because the digit after 6 is > 5.

• Scientific format

To set this format, start by pressing the H button. Next, use the down

arrow key, ˜, to select the option Number format. Press the @CHOOS soft

menu key ( B), and select the option Scientific with the arrow down key

˜. Keep the number 3 in front of the Sci. (This number can be

changed in the same fashion that we changed the Fixed number of

decimals in the example above).

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key return to the calculator display. The

number now is shown as:

Page 1-13

This result, 1.23E2, is the calculator’s version of powers-of-ten notation,

i.e., 1.235 × 102. In this, so-called, scientific notation, the number 3 in

front of the Sci number format (shown earlier) represents the number of

significant figures after the decimal point. Scientific notation always

includes one integer figure as shown above. For this case, therefore, the

number of significant figures is four.

• Engineering format

The engineering format is very similar to the scientific format, except that

the powers of ten are multiples of three. To set this format, start by

pressing the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select

the option Number format. Press the @CHOOS soft menu key ( B), and

select the option Engineering with the arrow down key ˜. Keep the

number 3 in front of the Eng. (This number can be changed in the same

fashion that we changed the Fixed number of decimals in an earlier

example).

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key return to the calculator display. The

number now is shown as:

Because this number has three figures in the integer part, it is shown with

four significative figures and a zero power of ten, while using the

Engineering format. For example, the number 0.00256, will be shown as:

Page 1-14

• Decimal comma vs. decimal point

Decimal points in floating-point numbers can be replaced by commas, if

the user is more familiar with such notation. To replace decimal points for

commas, change the FM option in the CALCULATOR MODES input form

to commas, as follows (Notice that we have changed the Number Format

to Std):

• Press the H ˜ button. Next, use the down arrow key, , once, and the

right arrow key, ™, highlighting the option __FM,. To select commas,

press the @@CHK@@ soft menu key (i.e., the B key). The input form will

look as follows:

• Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key return to the calculator display. The

number 123.4567890123456, entered earlier, now is shown as:

Angle Measure

Trigonometric functions, for example, require arguments representing plane

angles. The calculator provides three different Angle Measure modes for

working with angles, namely:

• Degrees 360 360: There are degrees ( o) in a complete circumference.

• Radians: There are 2π radians (2 π r) in a complete circumference.

Page 1-16

Selecting CAS settings

CAS stands for C A Somputer lgebraic ystem. This is the mathematical core of

the calculator where the symbolic mathematical operations and functions are

programmed. The CAS offers a number of settings can be adjusted according

to the type of operation of interest. To see the optional CAS settings use the

following:

• Press the button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form. H

• To change CAS settings press the @@ CAS@@ soft menu key. The default values

of the CAS setting are shown below:

• To navigate through the many options in the CAS MODES input form, use

the arrow keys: š™˜—.

• To select or deselect any of the settings shown above, select the underline

before the option of interest, and toggle the @@CHK@@ soft menu key until the

right setting is achieved. When an option is selected, a check mark will

be shown in the underline (e.g., the Rigorous and Simp Non-Rational

Page 1-18

The calculator display can be customized to your preference by selecting

different display modes. To see the optional display settings use the following:

• First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input

form. Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft

menu key ( ) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. D

• To navigate through the many options in the DISPLAY MODES input form,

use the arrow keys: š™˜—.

• To select or deselect any of the settings shown above, that require a check

mark, select the underline before the option of interest, and toggle the

@CHK@@ soft menu key until the right setting is achieved. When an option

is selected, a check mark will be shown in the underline (e.g., the

Textbook option in the Stack: line above). Unselected options will show

no check mark in the underline preceding the option of interest (e.g., the

_Small, _Full page, and _Indent options in the Edit: line above).

• To select the Font for the display, highlight the field in front of the Font:

option in the DISPLAY MODES input form, and use the @CHOOS soft menu

key (B).

• After having selected and unselected all the options that you want in the

DISPLAY MODES input form, press the @@@OK@@@ soft menu key. This will take

you back to the CALCULATOR MODES input form. To return to normal

calculator display at this point, press the soft menu key once more. @@@OK@@@

Selecting the display font

First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form.

Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft menu key

Page 1-19

(D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. The Font: field is

highlighted, and the option Ft8_0:system 8 is selected. This is the default

value of the display font. Pressing the @CHOOS soft menu key (B), will provide

a list of available system fonts, as shown below:

The options available are three standard System Fonts (sizes 8, 7, and 6) and

a Browse.. option. The latter will let you browse the calculator memory for

additional fonts that you may have created or downloaded into the calculator.

Practice changing the display fonts to sizes 7 and 6. Press the OK soft menu

key to effect the selection. When done with a font selection, press the @@@OK@@@

soft menu key to go back to the CALCULATOR MODES input form. To return

to normal calculator display at this point, press the @@@OK@@@ soft menu key once

more and see how the stack display change to accommodate the different font.

Selecting properties of the line editor

First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form.

Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft menu key

(D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. Press the down arrow key,

˜, once, to get to the Edit line. This line shows three properties that can be

modified. When these properties are selected (checked) the following effects

are activated:

_Small Changes font size to small

_Full page Allows to place the cursor after the end of the line

_Indent Auto indent cursor when entering a carriage return

Instructions on the use of the line editor are presented in Chapter 2 in the

user’s guide.

Page 1-20

Selecting properties of the Stack

First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form.

Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft menu key

(D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. Press the down arrow key,

˜, twice, to get to the Stack line. This line shows two properties that can be

modified. When these properties are selected (checked) the following effects

are activated:

_Small Changes font size to small. This maximizes the amount of

information displayed on the screen. Note, this selection

overrides the font selection for the stack display.

_Textbook Displays mathematical expressions in graphical mathematical

notation

To illustrate these settings, either in algebraic or RPN mode, use the equation

writer to type the following definite integral:

‚O…Á0™„è™„¸\x™x`

In Algebraic mode, the following screen shows the result of these keystrokes

with neither nor are selected: _Small _Textbook

With the option selected only, the display looks as shown below: _Small

With the option selected (default value), regardless of whether the _Textbook

_Small option is selected or not, the display shows the following result:

Page 1-21

Selecting properties of the equation writer (EQW)

First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form.

Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft menu key

(D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. Press the down arrow key,

˜, three times, to get to the EQW (Equation Writer) line. This line shows

two properties that can be modified. When these properties are selected

(checked) the following effects are activated:

_Small Changes font size to small while using the equation

editor

_Small Stack Disp Shows small font in the stack after using the equation

editor

Detailed instructions on the use of the equation editor (EQW) are presented

elsewhere in this manual.

For the example of the integral ∫∞−

0dXe X, presented above, selecting the

_Small Stack Disp in the EQW line of the DISPLAY MODES input form

produces the following display:

References

Additional references on the subjects covered in this Chapter can be found in

Chapter 1 and Appendix C of the calculator’s user’s guide.

Page 2-1

Chapter 2

Introducing the calculator

In this chapter we present a number of basic operations of the calculator

including the use of the Equation Writer and the manipulation of data objects

in the calculator. Study the examples in this chapter to get a good grasp of

the capabilities of the calculator for future applications.

Calculator objects

Some of the most commonly used objects are: reals (real numbers, written with

a decimal point, e.g., -0.0023, 3.56), integers (integer numbers, written

without a decimal point, e.g., 1232, -123212123), complex numbers (written

as an ordered pair, e.g., (3,-2)), lists, etc. Calculator objects are described in

Chapters 2 and 24 in the calculator’s user guide.

Editing expressions in the stack

In this section we present examples of expression editing directly into the

calculator display or stack.

Creating arithmetic expressions

For this example, we select the Algebraic operating mode and select a Fix

format with 3 decimals for the display. We are going to enter the arithmetic

expression:

3

0.20.3

5.7

0.1

0.5 −

+

⋅

To enter this expression use the following keystrokes:

5.*„Ü1.+1/7.5™/

„ÜR3.-2.Q3

The resulting expression is: 5*(1+1/7.5)/( ƒ3-2^3).

Press ` to get the expression in the display as follows:

Page 2-3

To evaluate the expression we can use the EVAL function, as follows:

µ„î`

If the CAS is set to Exact, you will be asked to approve changing the CAS

setting to Approx. Once this is done, you will get the same result as before.

An alternative way to evaluate the expression entered earlier between quotes

is by using the option …ï.

We will now enter the expression used above when the calculator is set to the

RPN operating mode. We also set the CAS to Exact, the display to Textbook,

and the number format to The keystrokes to enter the expression Standard.

between quotes are the same used earlier, i.e.,

³5*„Ü1+1/7.5™/

„ÜR3-2Q3`

Resulting in the output

Press ` once more to keep two copies of the expression available in the

stack for evaluation. We first evaluate the expression using the function EVAL,

and next using the function NUM: µ.

Page 2-5

Entering this expression when the calculator is set in the RPN mode is exactly

the same as this Algebraic mode exercise.

For additional information on editing algebraic expressions in the calculator’s

display or stack see Chapter 2 in the calculator’s user’s guide.

Using the Equation Writer (EQW) to create expressions

The equation writer is an extremely powerful tool that not only let you enter or

see an equation, but also allows you to modify and work/apply functions on

all or part of the equation.

The Equation Writer is launched by pressing the keystroke combination

‚O (the third key in the fourth row from the top in the keyboard). The

resulting screen is the following. Press to see the second menu page: L

The six soft menu keys for the Equation Writer activate functions EDIT, CURS,

BIG, EVAL, FACTOR, SIMPLIFY, CMDS, and HELP. Detailed information on

these functions is provided in Chapter 3 of the calculator’s user’s guide.

Creating arithmetic expressions

Entering arithmetic expressions in the Equation Writer is very similar to

entering an arithmetic expression in the stack enclosed in quotes. The main

difference is that in the Equation Writer the expressions produced are written

in “textbook” style instead of a line-entry style. For example, try the following

keystrokes in the Equation Writer screen: 5/5+2

The result is the expression

Page 2-7

The expression now looks as follows:

Suppose that now you want to add the fraction 1/3 to this entire expression,

i.e., you want to enter the expression:

3

1

)

2

5(25

5

2+

+⋅+π

First, we need to highlight the entire first term by using either the right arrow

(™) or the upper arrow (—) keys, repeatedly, until the entire expression is

highlighted, i.e., seven times, producing:

NOTE: Alternatively, from the original position of the cursor (to the right of the

2 in the denominator of π 2/2), we can use the keystroke combination ‚—

, interpreted as (‚ ‘ ).

Once the expression is highlighted as shown above, type +1/3 to

add the fraction 1/3. Resulting in:

Page 2-8

Creating algebraic expressions

An algebraic expression is very similar to an arithmetic expression, except

that English and Greek letters may be included. The process of creating an

algebraic expression, therefore, follows the same idea as that of creating an

arithmetic expression, except that use of the alphabetic keyboard is included.

To illustrate the use of the Equation Writer to enter an algebraic equation we

will use the following example. Suppose that we want to enter the expression:



∆⋅+

⋅+−

3/1

2

3

2

θ

µ

λµyx

LNe

Use the following keystrokes:

2 / R3 ™™ * ~‚n + „¸\ ~‚m

™™ * ‚¹ ~„x + 2 * ~‚m * ~‚c

~„y ——— / ~‚t Q1/3

This results in the output:

In this example we used several lower-case English letters, e.g., x

(~„x), several Greek letters, e.g., λ (~‚n), and even a

combination of Greek and English letters, namely, ∆y (~‚c

~„y). Keep in mind that to enter a lower-case English letter, you need

to use the combination: followed by the letter you want to enter. ~„

Page 2-9

Also, you can always copy special characters by using the CHARS menu

(…±) if you don’t want to memorize the keystroke combination that

produces it. A listing of commonly used keystroke combinations is ~‚

listed in Appendix D of the user’s guide.

For additional information on editing, evaluating, factoring, and simplifying

algebraic expressions see Chapter 2 of the calculator’s user’s guide.

Organizing data in the calculator

You can organize data in your calculator by storing variables in a directory

tree. The basis of the calculator’s directory tree is the HOME directory

described next.

The HOME directory

To get to the HOME directory, press the UPDIR function („§) -- repeat as

needed -- until the spec is shown in the second line of the display {HOME}

header. Alternatively, use . For this example, the HOME „ (hold) §

directory contains nothing but the CASDIR. Pressing will show the J

variables in the soft menu keys:

Subdirectories

To store your data in a well organized directory tree you may want to create

subdirectories under the HOME directory, and more subdirectories within

subdirectories, in a hierarchy of directories similar to folders in modern

computers. The subdirectories will be given names that may reflect the

contents of each subdirectory, or any arbitrary name that you can think off.

For details on manipulation of directories see Chapter 2 in the calculator’s

user’s guide.

Page 2-11

To unlock the upper-case locked keyboard, press ~

Try the following exercises:

³~~math`

³~~m„a„t„h`

³~~m„~at„h`

The calculator display will show the following (left-hand side is Algebraic

mode, right-hand side is RPN mode):

Creating variables

The simplest way to create a variable is by using the . The following K

examples are used to store the variables listed in the following table (Press

J if needed to see variables menu):

Name Contents Type

α -0.25 real

A12 3×10 5 real

Q ‘r/(m+r)' algebraic

R [3,2,1] vector

z1 3+5i complex

p1 « » → r 'π*r^2' program

• Algebraic mode

To store the value of –0.25 into variable α: 0.25\

K ~‚a. AT this point, the screen will look as follows:

Page 2-12

Press ` to create the variable. The variable is now shown in the

soft menu key labels:

The following are the keystrokes required to enter the remaining

variables:

A12: 3V5K~a12`

Q: ³~„r/„Ü

~„m+~„r™™ K~q`

R: „Ô3‚í2‚í1™ K~r`

z1: 3+5*„¥ K~„z1` (Accept

change to mode if asked). Complex

p1: ‚å‚é~„r³„ì*

~„rQ2™™™ K~„p1`..

The screen, at this point, will look as follows:

You will see six of the seven variables listed at the bottom of the

screen: p1, z1, R, Q, A12, α.

Varumärke:	HP
Kategori:	Kalkylator
Modell:	49g

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