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Joy-it Leksaker RB-LCD-16x2

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Beginner’s Guide

to the

PI LCD

Part 4: Graphics

, W8BH

1) INTRODUCTION

In the rst three parts of this series, we learned how to display text and simple graphics on

the LCD board (available from mypishop.com). It’s time to kick it up a notch, and create a

suite of useful graphics functions. We’ll even create a large-digit clock. You may have

purchased either a 16x2 or a 20x4 display with your kit. In this write-up I’ll be using the

20x4 display. When it comes to graphics, bigger is better!

2) SIMPLE HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPHS

An important requirement for creating detailed graphics is that the display device is dot-

addressable. In other words, each display pixel can be individually addressed and

programmed, separate from its neighbors. Sadly, our HD44780 controller does not give us

a dot-addressable LCD display. We get only pre-determined characters, plus 8 characters

of our own design. How can we possibly do artwork on that?

Well, we can’t. Go ahead, prove me wrong. Detailed graphics with this LCD module are

devilishly hard to do. But that doesn’t mean we can’t create useful, simpler graphics. Bar

graphs, for example.

First, consider a single, horizontal

bar graph. Here is our 20x4

display, with a horizontal bar that is

12 characters wide. If we need to

display data that over a small

integer range, like 0-15, we can do it by repeating the solid block (0xFF) character for the

desired length. You might code it like this:

def HorizBar(row,startCol,length):

GotoXY(row,startCol) #go to starting position

for count in range(length):

SendByte(0xFF,True) #display bar of desired length

This simple code works, and is surprisingly useful. You aren’t limited to small ranges: just

scale the desired range to 0-15 by the appropriate conversion factor. But your graph will

always look a little coarse and chunky, since there are a limited number of possible data

values/lengths.

3 BETTER HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPHS)

The graph will look better if we improve the horizontal resolution. But how? We can get a

ve-fold improvement in resolution if we use the simple graphics from Part 3.

Consider the individual character. It contains 40 individual pixel “dots”,

arranged in an 8 row, 5 column grid. We can’t access each individual

pixel, but we can create custom symbols like this vertical bar. Display this

one to the right of the 12-character bar above, and you’ve just made a bar

of length 12.2!

Let’s make a set of vertical bar symbols, progressively increasing the

number of columns in the symbol

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Now we can increment the length of our horizontal bar in fractions of a character, improving

the horizontal resolution of our graph. ime to code it. First, create the set of symbols, It’s t

like we did in part 3:

horizontalBars = [

[ 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10 ], #1 bar

[ 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18 ], #2 bars

[ 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C ], #3 bars

[ 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E ], #4 bars

[ 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F ] #5 bars

]

Now we need a routine to draw the horizontal bar for a given length. To simplify things, let’s

stay with integer lengths, and give each vertical bar a length of one (instead of 0.2). In this

system our original 12 character bar is 12*5 = 60 units long. Any length can be represented

by a combination of ‘full characters’ which contain 5 bars each, followed by a terminal

character containing less than 5 bars. For example, a bar graph of length 27 will be 5 full

characters (5*5=25), followed by a character containing the last 2 bars:

Bar of 27 units =

5 Filled Characters +

1 Partially Filled

Character

We can calculate the number of full characters by integer division: length/5. And the

number of bars in the nal, partially lled character is just the remainder: length % 5. A

function for writing the horizontal bar sends the required number of solid -lled characters, ly

then a single, partially-lled character. Assume that the symbols have previously been

loaded into the character-generator RAM at positions 0 through 4.

def DrawHBar(row,length):

fullChars = length / 5

bars = length % 5

GotoXY(row,0) #start at beginning of row

for count in range(fullChars): #full characters sent first

SendByte(4,True)

if bars>0: #final, partially filled character

SendByte(bars-1,True)

The call to SendByte(4,True) sends the fourth symbol in CG-RAM, which is the 5-bar (lled)

character.

4 ANIMATED HORIZONTAL BAR GRAPHS )

The graphs are nice, and fun to watch a few times. But looking at fat lines gets dull after a

while. Let’s spice them up a bit, and add some animation like we did in part 3 with the

‘battery charging’ symbol.

To animate the graph, we need two key functions: one to increment the graph length, and

one to decrement it. Then animation becomes the simple task of keeping track of how

many increments/decrements to do. Using a top-down approach, lets write this function

rst, and worry about the increment/decrement later.

def AnimatedHBar(row,startCol,newLength,oldLength=0):

diff = newLength - oldLength

for count in range(abs(diff)):

if diff>0:

IncrementHBar(row,startCol,oldLength)

oldLength +=1

else:

DecrementHBar(row,startCol,oldLength)

oldLength -=1

Produktspecifikationer

Varumärke:	Joy-it
Kategori:	Leksaker
Modell:	RB-LCD-16x2
Färg på produkten:	Zwart
Vikt:	165 g
Bredd:	75.4 mm
Djup:	6.99 mm
Höjd:	153.9 mm
Batterikapacitet:	3000 mAh
Blåtand:	Ja
Sensor för omgivande ljus:	Ja
Skärm diagonal:	5.5 "
Upplösning:	2560 x 1440 Pixels
Pekskärm:	Ja
Pixel densitet:	534 ppi
Original bildförhållande:	16:9
Orienteringssensor:	Ja
Gyroskop:	Ja
Accelerometer:	Ja
Närhetssensor:	Ja
Processorfrekvens:	2.15 GHz
Processorfamilj:	Qualcomm Snapdragon
Processormodel:	820
64-bitars beräkning:	Ja
Antal processorkärnor:	4
RAM-kapacitet:	4 GB
Intern lagringskapacitet:	32 GB
Minneskortets maximala kapacitet:	2000 GB
Taltid (3G):	- uur
Standbytid (3G):	- uur
SIM-korts kapacitet:	Single SIM
SIM-kortstyp:	NanoSIM
2G-standarder:	EDGE, GPRS, GSM
3G-standarder:	HSPA+
4G standard:	LTE
Wi-Fi-standarder:	Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac), 802.11b, 802.11g, Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n)
Bluetooth-version:	4.2
3G-band stöds:	1700,1900,2100 MHz
Generering av mobilt internet:	4G
Ljudformat som stöds:	AAC, AAC+, ADTS, AMR, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, ASF, AWB, FLAC, IMY, MID, MIDI, MP3, MP4, MXMF, OGG, OPUS, OTA, PCM, QCP, RTTTL, RTX, Vorbis, WAV, WMA, XMF
Videoformat som stöds:	3G2, 3GP, AVI, DIVX, H.263, H.264, H.265, MKV, MOV, VC-1, VP8, VP9, WEBM, WMV, XVID
GPS:	Ja
GLONASS:	Ja
Plats position:	Ja
Grafikadapter:	Adreno 530
Vormfaktor:	Rechthoek
Bakre kameraupplösning (numerisk):	21 MP
Främre kameraupplösning (numerisk):	8 MP
Autofokus:	Ja
Bakre kamerablixt:	Ja
Videoinspelning:	Ja
Videoinspelningslägen:	720p, 1080p, 2160p
Typ av främre kamera:	Enkele camera
Typ bakre kamera:	Enkele camera
Inkluderar operativsystem:	Android 6.0
Plattform:	Android
Appdistributionsplattform:	Google Play
USB uttag:	Ja
USB-kontakttyp:	USB Type-C
Typ av anslutningskontakt:	3,5 mm
Närfältskommunikation (NFC):	Ja
Medföljande kablar:	AC, USB
Kompatibla minneskort:	MicroSD (TransFlash), MicroSDHC, MicroSDXC
Skärmform:	Flat
Touch-teknik:	Multi-touch
Pekskärmstyp:	Capacitief
Bakre kameras slutartid:	2
Främre kameran slutartid:	2.2
Zoomkapacitet:	Ja
Maximal bildfrekvens:	120 fps
Upplösning vid inspelningshastighet:	1280x720@120fps, 1920x1080@30fps, 3840x2160@30fps
Flash typ:	LED
SMS:	Ja
E-post:	Ja
fingeravtrycksläsare:	Ja
Hantering av personuppgifter:	Alarm clock, Calculator, Calendar, To-do list
Trillarm:	Ja
Assisterad GPS (A-GPS):	Ja
Google-applikationer:	Gmail, Google Chrome, Google Drive, Google Hangouts, Google Maps, Google Play, YouTube
Garantikort:	Ja
Inkluderar AC-adapter:	Ja
Videosamtal:	Ja
Gezichtsdetectie:	Ja
Wi-Fi Direct:	Ja
USB-version:	2.0
Luidsprekers:	Stereo
Bildstabilisator:	Ja
Videostabilisator:	Ja
Berschermhoes:	Ja
Digital zoom:	4 x
4G-frekvens stöds:	700,800,850,1800,1900,2100,2600 MHz
Andra LCD-skärmen:	Nee
Bildformat som stöds:	BMP, GIF, JPG, PNG, WEBP
Inkluderad programvara:	BlackBerry Keyboard, Hub, BBM, DTEK, Device Search, Launcher, Services, Help, Password Keeper, Microsoft exFAT Technology for BlackBerry, Content Transfer, Yahoo! Finance
Förvaringstemperatur:	-30 - 75 °C
Minneskort hot swapping:	Ja
Inkluderar headset:	Ja
Wifi:	Ja
Drifttemperatur (TT):	0 - 35 °C
Type beeldscherm:	AMOLED